Beetles

One of the primary causes of damage to books is caused by several species of beetles. Interestingly, the majority of the damage is not caused by the adult beetle, but by its larvae.  The adult lays its eggs within accessible crevices in the book. As the larvae develop, it feeds off of the starch in the paper and eventually may bore through sections of the text block.  This can result in the appearance of holes and channels.  The larvae can look like a worm at different stages, and it is believed how the term “bookworm” originated.

Silverfish

Another common culprit is silverfish.  Silverfish are a nuisance to not only books but any paper-related items.  These insects feed off the adhesive in bindings and on paper.  Damage from these insects resembles skinning and shallow losses along the surface, to irregular elongated holes and losses along the edges.

Termites

While typically known to be significantly detrimental to wood, they can also quickly cause damage to the covers and bindings on books.

Book Lice

These small white insects tend to infest damp and moldy books and feed on the mold and fungi within the text block.

Prevention

Fortunately, there are a few ways to easily safeguard your collection and avoid unwelcome guests.

Storage

Climate-controlled environment – Like fine art, antiques, and furniture, it is best to avoid fluctuations in climate and generally maintain a 70-degree temperature with 50% RH.

Do not store packed in basements or attics – These areas are typically more prone to pests.  They also are not climate controlled and are prone to water damage.

Do not store directly boxed on the floor – Items stored on the floor are vulnerable to pests and water damage. Items should always be elevated at least 3” off from the floor.

On Display

On a shelf – When possible, books on display can be better monitored for signs of insect activity.  Books on a shelf have better air circulation and are less apt to get damp and then develop mold, which invites pests and degradation. 

Clamshell boxes – While books are displayed, they are sensitive to exposure to sunlight, dust, and other environmental exposures.  As an additional safeguard, fragile or unique volumes can be stored in archival clamshell boxes to provide additional protection.